Hydrograph separation and precipitation source identification using stable water isotopes and conductivity: River Ganga at Himalayan foothills

The observed retreat of several Himalayan glaciers and snow packs is a cause of concern for the huge population in southern Asia that is dependent on the glacial-fed rivers emanating from Himalayas. There is considerable uncertainty about how cryospheric recession in the Himalayan region will respond to climate change, and how the water resource availability will be affected. As a first step towards quantifying the contribution of glacier-melt water, hydrograph separation of River Ganga at Rishikesh into its constituent components, namely (i) surface runoff, (ii) glacial ice-melt and (iii) groundwater discharge has been done in this paper. A three-component mixing model has been employed using the values of delta O-18 and electrical conductivity (EC) of the river water, and its constituents, to estimate the time-varying relative fraction of each component. The relative fraction of the surface runoff peaks (70-90%) during winter, due to the near-zero contribution of glacial ice-melt, essentially represents the melting of surface snow from the catchment. The contribution of glacial ice-melt to the stream discharge peaks during summer and monsoon reaches a maximum value of similar to 40% with an average of 32%. The fraction of groundwater discharge varies within a narrow range (15 +/- 5%) throughout the year. On the basis of the variation in the d-excess values of river water, it is also suggested that the snow-melt and ice-melt component has a significant fraction derived from winter precipitation with moisture source from mid-latitude westerlies (also known as western disturbances). Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.