Differentiated integration in the European Union: towards a comparative regionalism perspective

In this contribution I examine three regions outside Europe, all of which have used forms of differentiated integration as a means to solve otherwise intractable problems and/or export their policy preferences, ideals and bargains to key external actors. I argue that if we examine the European Union (EU) as one case of regional integration/regionalism among many, rather than a unique entity, we can develop a more nuanced view of differentiated integration in the EU which accepts it as an enduring, and possibly permanent, feature of the EU.