Mortality Burden due to Exposure to Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter in Hanoi, Vietnam: Health Impact Assessment

Objective: This study reports the mortality burden due to PM2.5 exposure among adults (age >25) living in Hanoi in 2017.Methods: We applied a health impact assessment methodology with the global exposure mortality model and a PM2.5 map with 3 x 3 km resolution derived from multiple data sources.Results: The annual average PM2.5 concentration for each grid ranged from 22.1 to 37.2 mu g/m(3). The district average concentration values ranged from 26.9 to 37.2 mu g/m(3), which means that none of the 30 districts had annual average values below the Vietnam Ambient National Standard of 25 mu g/m(3). Using the Vietnam Ambient National Standard as the reference standard, we estimated that 2,696 deaths (95% CI: 2,225 to 3,158) per year were attributable to exposure to elevated PM2.5 concentrations in Hanoi. Using the Interim Target 4 value of 10 mu g/m(3) as the reference standard, the number of excess deaths attributable to elevated PM2.5 exposure was 4,760 (95% CI: 3,958-5,534).Conclusion: A significant proportion of deaths in Hanoi could be avoided by reducing air pollution concentrations to a level consistent with the Vietnam Ambient National Standard.