Thermo-oxidative reactions of Nigerian oil sand bitumen

The thermal behavior of the Nigerian oil sand bitumen in an oxidizing environment was studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). This condition can occur during in situ thermal recovery. The kinetics of the reactions was also determined by Arrhenius plot method. Three regions of weight loss corresponding to low-temperature oxidation, fuel deposition and high temperature oxidation were identified. Increasing the heating rate caused a shift in the reaction regions and peak temperatures to higher temperatures. No effect of gas flow rate was observed on the reactions. The oil sands have lower peak temperatures and activation energies compared with their corresponding bitumen extracts, suggesting a catalytic effect of sand on the reactions. The DTA revealed the exothermic nature of the reactions. The exothermicity increased with increasing heating rate. The results of this study showed that the heating rate and the presence of sand have significant effect on the thermo-oxidative reactions of the bitumen. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.