Non-rigid image registration of brain magnetic resonance images using graph-cuts

We present a graph-cuts based method for non-rigid medical image registration on brain magnetic resonance images. In this paper, the non-rigid medical image registration problem is reformulated as a discrete labeling problem. Based on a voxel-to-voxel intensity similarity measure, each voxel in the source image is assigned a displacement label, which represents a displacement vector indicating which position in the floating image it is spatially corresponding to. in the proposed method, a smoothness constraint based on the first derivative is used to penalize sharp changes in the adjacent displacement labels across voxels. The image registration problem is therefore modeled by two energy terms based on intensity similarity and smoothness of the displacement field. These energy terms are submodular and can be optimized by using the graph-cuts method via a-expansions, which is a powerful combinatorial optimization tool and capable of yielding either a global minimum or a local minimum in a strong sense. Using the realistic brain phantoms obtained from the Simulated Brain Database, we compare the registration results of the proposed method with two state-of-the-art medical image registration approaches: free-form deformation based method and demons method. In addition, the registration results are also compared with that of the linear programming based image registration method. It is found that the proposed method is more robust against different challenging non-rigid registration cases with consistently higher registration accuracy than those three methods, and gives realistic recovered deformation fields. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.