Facilitation of weed seed predation by living mulch and cover crops

Weed seed predation (WSP) is an important agro-ecosystem service that naturally suppresses weed populations. Disturbances directly interfere with the activity of the seed predators, for example, harvest and soil tillage during a peak in weed seed availability (around cereal harvest). Plant soil cover and reduced soil tillage are factors that might positively affect WSP. We investigated cover crops and living mulch along with soil disturbance (no-till and conventional seeding) in comparison to a fallow and repeated stubble tillage with a chisel plough in terms of WSP, activity-density of carabid beetles and soil cover. A field experiment with a randomised complete block design and four replications was conducted at two sites from 2017 until 2019. WSP rates were assessed with seed cards and exclosure cages from July until November during a period of eight consecutive days each month. Living mulch exhibited the highest WSP rates of 72% with a maximum of 95% immediately following cereal harvest in August and September of 2017 and 2019, while the remainder of the treatments ranged from 2% to 5% WSP. In October and November mustard showed on average twice as high WSP rates compared to the other treatments (50% vs. 10%-25%). Seeding and soil tillage did not significantly influence carabid beetle activity-density and WSP, except for living mulch. Predator groups (invertebrates and vertebrates) were not influenced by the various treatments, rather year and month determined the predator groups dominance. Besides their weed suppressive effects, living mulches and cover crops also facilitate WSP.