A three-dimensional seismic tomographic study of the gas hydrate stability zone, offshore Vancouver Island

[1] Methane hydrate bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs) are widespread on the northern Cascadia margin offshore Vancouver Island. We conducted a three-dimensional tomographic seismic study of the hydrate stability zone in an area around Ocean Drilling Program Site 889 using two deployments of five ocean bottom hydrophones and air gun shots along a series of closely spaced profiles in various orientations. Further constraints on reflector geometry come from coincident single-channel reflection profiles. Travel times of reflected and refracted phases were inverted with a regularized three-dimensional inversion using perturbation ray tracing through smooth isotropic media for the forward step. The seismic data allow us to constrain the velocity structure in a similar to 6 km(2) area around the drill site. Mean velocities range from 1.50 km s(-1) at the seabed to 1.84 km s(-1) at the BSR, and velocities at Site 889 match well those measured using a vertical seismic profile. At equivalent depths below the seafloor, velocities vary laterally by typically similar to 0.15 km s(-1). Close to the seafloor, velocities may be controlled primarily by lithology, but close to the BSR we infer hydrate contents of up to 15% of the pore space from effective medium modeling. The mean hydrate saturation in the well-constrained volume of the velocity model is estimated to be 2.2%. There is no correlation between the seismic velocity above the BSR and the reflection coefficient at the BSR, so the latter is likely controlled primarily by the distribution of free gas beneath the hydrate stability zone.