Fused deposition modelling (FDM) based 3D & 4D Printing: A state of art review

The modern industrial market is moving towards the additive manufacturing technique. This technique makes objects based upon the principle of layer-by-layer deposition. Therefore, the current study is much needed and fundamentally focused on fused based modelling technique, its elements, applications, and materials like polycaprolactone (PCL), polypropylene, polyethylene, Polylactic acid (PLA), nylon, metals, and carbon fiber, which has fabricated on fused based modelling (FDM). Also, the major difference between 3D and 4D printing techniques is discussed which mentioned that using external stimuli such as heat, magnetic and electric fields would change their basic physical and chemical attributes i.e. stiffness and density It has also been concluded that the FDM technique is widely used in developing products essential in the present time of COVID-19. Nowadays, the products like face mask support, holders for face shields, steam for nozzle swabs are fabricated through various additive manufacturing techniques. Hence, it is advised that additive manufacturing is going to be a coming trend. Copyright (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.