Association between exposure to parabens and total mortality in US adults

Background: Parabens are a group of endocrine disruptors that have been associated with health effects such as hypertension, diabetes, oxidative stress and obesity, which are associated with increased mortality risk over time. Women are exposed to higher paraben levels than men through use of consumer products. The current prospective study examines paraben exposure in association with mortality risk for women and men. Methods: We analyzed 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data on urinary paraben analyte concentrations and covariates in adults aged 20 years and over, prospectively linked to National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality through 2015 (N = 2939). Proportional hazard regression models examined mortality risk in association with exposures, controlling for covariates for women and men. Covariates included age, race/ethnicity, smoking, education, income, body mass index, physical activity, self-reported health status and baseline health conditions. Results: Women were exposed to significantly higher concentrations of all studied parabens than men. Exposures were highest for methyl paraben. Women had significantly higher mortality risk in association with higher natural log exposure to ethyl (HR = 2.048, 95% CI 1.164-3.601), methyl (HR = 1.312, 95% CI 1.013-1.700), butyl (HR = 2.719, 95% CI 1.591-4.647) and total parabens (HR = 1.292, 95% CI 1.006-1.659). Exposure concentrations were associated with higher mortality risk for men only for ethyl paraben (HR = 2.532, 95% CI 1.217-5.268). Discussion: Women were found to be at greater mortality risk in association with exposure to ethyl, methyl, butyl and total parabens. These findings require confirmatory research but add to the evidence base that exposure to parabens, probably through consumer products, may have adverse effects on human health, especially for women.