Estimation, analysis and comparison of carbon emissions and construction cost of the two tallest buildings located in United States and China

Nowadays, it is noticed that more than a third of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted in the atmosphere comes from the construction sector. This CO2 concentration has a significant effect on climate change. In the new cities, tall buildings multiply as mushrooms. Some specialists believe that they can be one of the solutions to reduce the carbon content in the atmosphere. The main aim of this study is to simulate, analyze and compare the embodied carbon and operational carbon of the two tallest buildings located in the United States and China, by using Design Builder and Pleiades software: the One World Trade Center in USA and the Shanghai Tower in China. Even if the embodied carbon of these super tall buildings is very high, the operational carbon remains the most important source of carbon emissions on their whole life cycle. Future carbon emissions of these two buildings were estimated in three periods (2030, 2050 and 2080) following the A2 scenario from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results show that the operational carbon will increase by 10.6% at One World Trade Center (1WTC, USA) and 7.8% at Shanghai Tower (ST, China) in 2050. In addition, this study analyzed the impacts of the electricity mix and photovoltaic panels on their carbon dioxide emissions. Replacing energy production based on coal by renewable energy sources in the electricity mix of these countries could induce a reduction of 47.5% and 65.6% of total operational carbon emitted by the 1WTC and ST, respectively, by 2050. Finally, 46% of the building construction cost of these skyscrapers is related to their structure and superstructure.