Double Layer Optimization Approach of Plug-in Electric Vehicle for Participation in Smart Grid Ancillary Services and Energy Markets

With the smart grid upgrade, the development of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) is increasing exponentially thanks to their bidirectional chargers. This paper proposes a PEVs Central Controller "(PEVCC)" approach implemented for PEVs to improve power quality and participate in the electricity market. The suggested approach is divided into two optimization layers. The first one aims to estimate the optimal reference power applied to each PEV converter in order to simultaneously achieve the smoothness of utility daily power demand, the regulation of grid frequency and the minimization of daily total cost incurred for each PEV charging/discharging. The second optimization layer is designed to ameliorate the PEV dynamic by adjusting all regulators parameters during different ancillary services participating. Every optimization layer of the proposed "PEVCC" control is executed using Particle-Swarm-Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The simulation results indicate that utilizing "PEVCC" approach allows an optimal integration of PEVs into the distribution system to improve the reliability of the smart grid.