Comparison of conventional and wide field direct ophthalmoscopy on medical students' self-confidence for fundus examination: a 1-year follow-up

Background Fundus examination is an easy, quick and effective way to diagnose sight- and life-threatening diseases. However, medical students and physicians report lack of proficiency and self-confidence in perform fundoscopy. The aim of this study was to compare students' self-confidence in fundus examination, using two different direct ophthalmoscopes, 1 month and 1 year after practical training. Methods In this prospective cohort, medical students (MS) of the same class were divided in small groups for PanOptic (PO) or conventional (CO) direct ophthalmoscope training. The intervention group encompassed MS of the 4th -year (class of 2019), and the control group encompassed MS of year behind (class of 2020). A questionnaire to measure self-confidence in fundoscopy technique assessing optic nerve, cup-to-disc ratio and macula was translated and validated to Portuguese, and applied 1-month and 1-year after practical training. Results One-hundred and sixty-seven MS were enrolled (35 PO group, 38 CO group, and 94 control group). PO group had a significantly higher overall self-confidence comparing either control or CO groups, respectively (3.57 +/- 0.65 vs. 2.97 +/- 1.03 vs. 2.46 +/- 0.87, p < 0.01) as well as in evaluate cup-to-disc ratio (3.09 +/- 0.75 vs. 2.32 +/- 0.87 vs. 1.46 +/- 0.81, p < 0.01), optic disc margins (3.26 +/- 0.85 vs. 2.71 +/- 0.96 vs. 2.01 +/- 0.97, p < 0.01) and macula (3.43 +/- 1.12 vs. 2.89 +/- 1.08 vs. 2.02 +/- 0.89, p < 0.01) 1-month after practical training. One-year after intervention, CO group showed a significantly higher score compared to PO group in overall self-confidence (3.31 +/- 0.69 vs. 3.18 +/- 0.73, p = 0.03) and in optic disc margins assessing (3.16 +/- 0.85 vs. 2.95 +/- 0.78, p = 0.03), but not significant in the evaluation of cup-to-disc ratio (2.78 +/- 0.97 vs. 2.68 +/- 0.94, p = 0.08), and macula (3.34 +/- 0.79 vs. 3.27 +/- 0.98, p = 0.07). Conclusions Students were more confident in use PO as an instrument to perform direct ophthalmoscopy immediately after practical training, but confidence level of CO was higher compared to PO one year after practical training. These findings would help medical schools decide which ophthalmoscope to choose to teach fundus examination.