Oncological pelvic surgery under urological aspects. Bladder carcinoma

The aim of the treatment of invasive bladder cancer with radical cystectomy and subsequent urinary diversion is to combine a safe oncological procedure with a satisfactory quality of life. Radical cystectomy is the treatment of choice for all patients with recurrent or multifocal high grade T1 bladder cancer, T1 tumors with high risk of progression, failure of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Radical cystectomy offers excellent recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival rates as well as local tumor control in patients with organ-confined and node-negative diseases. Tumor control in non-organ-confined tumors is still satisfactory with long term recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates of about 50%. Nerve-sparing cystectomy is of importance for lower urinary tract function, including continence rates after orthotopic urinary diversion and for sexual function in males and females. Orthotopic urinary reconstruction using a neobladder achieves good continence rates. Overall quality of life after radical cystectomy remains good in most patients irrespective of the type of urinary diversion.