COOH-terminal truncated HBV X protein plays key role in hepatocarcinogenesis

Purpose: X protein (HBx), a product of hepatitis B virus, has been closely associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on observations that the COOH-terminal truncated HBx was frequently detected in HCC, the aim of this study is to evaluate the function of COOH-terminal truncated HBx in hepatocarcinogenesis. Experimental Design: Expression pattern of HBx was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray containing 194 pairs of HCCs and their matched nonturnor liver tissues. MIHA and HepG2 cells transfected with full-length (X2) and COOH-terminal truncated HBx (X1) were tested for their ability to grow in soft agar and form tumors in vivo. Proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using 2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assays, respectively. To gain additional insight, the expression profile of HepG2-X2 and HepG2-X1 were compared using cDNA microarray. Results: COOH-terminal truncated HBx was frequently detected in HCCs (79.3%, n = 111), and our in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the truncated rather than the full-length HBx could effectively transform immortalized liver cell line MIHA. Interestingly, expression profiling revealed differential expression of key genes implicated in the control of cell cycle and apoptosis. Conclusions: These findings strongly suggest that the COOH-terminal truncated HBx plays a critical role in the HCC carcinogenesis via the activation of cell proliferation.