Millennial to secular time-scale impacts of climate and sea-level changes on mangroves from the Doce River delta, Southeastern Brazil

This work integrates geomorphological, sedimentological, and palynological data with radiocarbon dating, as well as C-13, N-15, and C/N from sedimentary organic matter to provide a model of mangrove dynamics during the evolution of a wave-dominated delta in Southeastern Brazil. Mangrove dynamics are analyzed within the context of millennial and secular climatic and sea-level changes. Tidal flats, positioned at highest limit of the intertidal zone along the edge of a lagoon sheltered by beach ridges, were occupied by wetlands represented by mangrove and herbaceous vegetation during the mid-Holocene high sea level. After considering the relative sea-level fall and relatively higher fluvial sediment discharge, during the last similar to 6350years, progradation took place along this shoreline, resulting in extensive beach ridge deposits that overlie transgressive muds. This process led to loss of mangrove area. Similar dynamics were repeated at similar to 3043cal. yr BP, although in a relatively more distal (i.e. seaward) position. Between similar to 1337 and similar to 900cal. yr BP, a tidal flat attached to the edge of a lagoon near the modern coastline was colonized by herbaceous vegetation (C4 plants). The next phase, which occurred between similar to 900 and similar to 400 or similar to 100cal. yr BP, is marked by the transition from herbaceous to mangrove tidal flats with an increased trend of terrestrial organic matter. During the recent centuries, a mangrove vegetation became established, and there was an increased trend of estuarine-derived organic matter. This mangrove phase, recorded during the last century(ies), may be due to a relative sea-level rise. Under this scenario, erosion of beach ridges and expansion of lagoons and mangroves are expected along the littoral of the State of Espirito Santo in Southeastern Brazil.