Protein interactions with layers of TiO2 nanotube and nanopore arrays: Morphology and surface charge influence

In the present work we investigate the key factors involved in the interaction of small-sized charged proteins with TiO2 nanostructures, i.e. albumin (negatively charged), histone (positively charged). We examine anodic nanotubes with specific morphology (simultaneous control over diameter and length, e.g. diameter 15, 50 or 100 nm, length 250 nm up to 10 mu m) and nanopores. The nanostructures surface area has a direct influence on the amount of bound protein, nonetheless the protein physical properties as electric charge and size (in relation to nanotopography and biomaterial's electric charge) are crucial too. The highest quantity of adsorbed protein is registered for histone, for 100 nm diameter nanotubes (10 mu m length) while higher values are registered for 15 nm diameter nanotubes when normalizing protein adsorption to nanostructures' surface unit area (evaluated from dye desorption measurements) consistent with theoretical considerations. The proteins presence on the nanostructures is evaluated by XPS and ToF-SIMS; additionally, we qualitatively assess their presence along the nanostructures length by ToF-S1MS depth profiles, with decreasing concentration towards the bottom. Statement of Significance Surface nanostructuring of titanium biomedical devices with TiO2 nanotubes was shown to significantly influence the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (and other cells too). A high level of control over the nanoscale topography and over the surface area of such 1D nanostructures enables a direct influence on protein adhesion. Herein, we investigate and show how the nanostructure morphology (nanotube diameter and length) influences the interactions with small-sized charged proteins, using as model proteins bovine serum albumin (negatively charged) and histone (positively charged). We show that the protein charge strongly influences their adhesion to the TiO2 nanostructures. Protein adhesion is quantified by ELISA measurements and determination of the nanostructures' total surface area. We use a quantitative surface charge model to describe charge interactions and obtain an increased magnitude of the surface charge density at the top edges of the nanotubes. In addition, we track the proteins presence on and inside the nanostructures. We believe that these aspects are crucial for applications where the incorporation of active molecules such as proteins, drugs, growth factors, etc., into nanotubes is desired. (C) 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.