Temperature-Dependent Irreducible Water Trapping in Heavy-Oil Reservoirs

Temperature-dependent irreducible water saturation has great implications for heavy-oil production. Especially in processes using thermal methods, the irreducible water saturation varies significantly when temperature rises from the initial reservoir condition to the temperature of injected hot fluids. In this work, the irreducible water saturation retained in a heavy-oil/oil-sands reservoir has been theoretically analyzed as a function of temperature in the view of thermodynamics. This analysis involves oil/water interactions, thermodynamic stability, pendular rings between particles, and a dense random-packing theory. The temperature-dependent irreducible water saturation in two heavy-oil reservoir samples (Coalinga and Huntington Beach) and two oil-sands reservoir samples (Cat Canyon and Peace River) have been analyzed using an oil/water/silica system. The computed results have been compared with published experimental data. The good agreements of the comparison demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed analysis to describe the irreducible water saturation in a heavy-oil/oil-sands reservoir up to 300 degrees C. Through these analyses, the theoretical understandings of temperaturedependent irreducible water in a heavy-oil/oil-sands reservoir have been provided. As temperature increases, the mutual water/oil solubilities are increased by enhanced molecular interactions, as well as the surface energy at an oil/water connecting interface. As a result, the oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) decreases, which diminishes the contact angle and enlarges a water-filled pendular ring between particles at elevated temperatures. Thus, the irreducible water saturation is increased by the enlarged pendular rings in a dense packing porous medium. In addition, this study demonstrates the possibilities to alter the irreducible water saturation appropriately in a heavy-oil/ oil-sands reservoir to enhance oil recovery, decrease water cut, save costs of surface oil/water separation, and reduce heat consumption.