Late Permian and early Triassic evolution of the Northern Indian margin: Carbon isotope and sequence stratigraphy

The Northern part of Great-India underwent an early rifting phase in the late Paleozoic, just at the end of the large scale Gondwanian glaciation. The beginning of the rifting processes is marked by large hiatus and discontinuities (paraconformities) between the early or middle Paleozoic sedimentary succession and the discontinuous middle-late Permian Traps and transgressive sediments. The Northern Indian passive margin consists of the present High and Lower Himalaya and a small part of the Indian craton and their sedimentary cover. The Permian rift shoulder is located in the Higher Himalaya, with part being in the underthrusted Lower Himalaya. The rim basin (landward of the shoulder) is well developed in the Pottawar-Salt Range area. From the rifting to the beginning of the drifting stages (early late Permian to late early Triassic time), the sedimentary evolution is characterised by three transgressive regressive (T-R) second order cycles, two in the late Permian and one in the early Triassic. The break-up of the rift occurred during the second cycle (late Dzhulfian). In the Salt Range area, these three T-R cycles have been subdivided in eight third order sequences, five sequences for the upper Permian and three for the lower Triassic. At the end of Permian, hiatuses, gaps and local erosion of part of the margin are direct consequences of a first order relative sea-level fall; this is also the time of the largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic that deeply affected the carbonate productivity and the stratal patterns. With the following worldwide sea-level rise, a rapid and large scale transgression occurred in the early Triassic, well dated and recorded on the whole margin. High rate thermal subsidence gave way to gene ralized pelagic deposits about 2 My after the transgression. Profiles of whole rock inorganic carbon and oxygen isotopes from Guryul Ravine and Palgham sections in Kashmir, Nammal Gorge and Landu sections in Trans Indus Ranges (Pakistan), Thini Chu section in Kali Gandaki Valley, Central Nepal are presented in connection with the sequence stratigraphic analysis. The upper Permian record of high positive delta(13)C values are closely correlated with the second order T-R cycles and the third order sequences. The results presented in this study confirm the drastic drop of delta(13)C from the high positive values that characterised the upper Permian to lower values in the lower Triassic time. Stratigraphic correlation problems in the lower Triassic using carbon isotope geochemistry are briefly discussed. A positive delta(13)C excursion of 4-5%(0) near the Smithian -Spathian substages boundary is observed for the first time. The delta(18)O values of samples from all the sections display major variations suggesting that the oxygen isotope record has been significantly affected by meteoric diagenesis, deep burial diagenesis or/and monsoon signature.