Application of Volta chains to determine ionic components of real and chemical Gibbs energies of transfer of individual ions from water to aqueous-organic solvents

The state of individual ions in individual and mixed solvents was described from the thermodynamic point of view using the method of Volta potential differences. This methodology provides a way of solving the problem of determination of thermodynamic characteristics of individual ions in solutions. The possibility of using the method of Volta potential differences to determine the ionic components of the real and chemical thermodynamic properties of individual ions in solutions and the surface potentials at gas-solution interface is substantiated.