Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in pregnant intravenous drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency and natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN) during pregnancy in past or current intravenous drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Study design: We prospectively evaluated 48 pregnant HIV-1 seropositive patients and 38 HIV seronegative controls. All the subjects were current or past intravenous drug users. Follow-up visits were carried out each trimester of pregnancy and 8-12 weeks post-partum with Papanicolau smears, colposcopic examinations and,when necessary, colposcopically directed cervical biopsies. Results: Thirteen of 48 HIV-seropositive women (27.1%) and three of 38 HIV-seronegative controls (7.9%) (P=0.027 by Fisher exact test) had biopsy-proven CIN at the beginning of pregnancy. High-grade CIN was detected in 10 cases (20.8%) and in two (5.3%) controls (P=0.058 by Fisher exact test), None of the cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions progressed throughout pregnancy, in both cases and controls. Post-partum cold-knife cervical conization was performed on seven patients with CIN III and examination of the cone biopsy specimens demonstrated persistence of CIN III. Conclusions: HIV-infected intravenous drug users are at high risk of CIN during pregnancy, thus requiring adequate screening programs. Our preliminary data suggest that the progression rate of CIN during gestation is low in this high-risk group.