The relationship between non-symbolic multiplication and division in childhood

Children without formal education in addition and subtraction are able to perform multi-step operations over an approximate number of objects. Further, their performance improves when solving approximate (but not exact) addition and subtraction problems that allow for inversion as a shortcut (e. g., a + b -b = a). The current study examines children's ability to perform multi-step operations, and the potential for an inversion benefit, for the operations of approximate, non-symbolic multiplication and division. Children were trained to compute a multiplication and division scaling factor (* 2 or /2, * 4 or /4), and were then tested on problems that combined two of these factors in a way that either allowed for an inversion shortcut (e.g., 8* 4/4) or did not (e.g., 8* 4/2). Children's performance was significantly better than chance for all scaling factors during training, and they successfully computed the outcomes of the multi-step testing problems. They did not exhibit a performance benefit for problems with the a* b/b structure, suggesting that they did not draw upon inversion reasoning as a logical shortcut to help them solve the multi-step test problems.