Potentially toxic elements and rare earth elements in sandy soils from the Brazilian Cerrado

This study aims to determine the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and rare earth elements (REEs) in Brazilian sandy soils under the Cerrado at the Parnaiba-Sao Francisco Basin transition. We also explored the geochemical correlation between these elements and pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC), sand, clay, oxides from secondary minerals, and chemical index of alteration for each basin. Mineralogical, physical, and chemical analyses were used to examine PTE and REE geochemistry in six sand soil profiles from the Brazilian Cerrado. The background concentrations of these elements are low, but soils from the Parnaiba Basin have higher concentrations of PTEs than soils from the Sao Francisco Basin. In soils from the Parnaiba Basin, mainly Al2O3 has relevance in the V and Cr geochemistry, as these elements increase with increasing Al2O3 content. On the other hand, the REEs have CEC as a soil attribute of higher relevance in the geochemistry of those elements is soils from the Parnaiba Basin, and this relevance divides the TOC, Fe2O3, and TiO2 minerals from the clay fraction. In soils from the Sao Francisco Basin, the geochemistry of PTEs is possibly associated with kaolinite, especially Cu, V, and Zn. In contrast, the Ba concentration was associated with the presence of feldspar. Unlike soils from the Parnaiba Basin, the REEs do not correlate with the studied soil attributes, except for Ho and Lu. Ho had a positive association with Al2O3. Ho and Lu are negatively related to the presence of iron oxides.