The Optimization of Ethanol Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Hydrolysate by Using Statistical Experimental Design

Ethanol is a gasoline substituting fuel which its market has continued to grow rapidly in recent years. Generally, ethanol is produced from a variety of raw materials and biomass is one modern source of renewable energy that obtains as a byproduct from the agriculture and forestry industries. The oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of the potential lignocellulosic biomasses for ethanol production. In this study, ethanol production from OPEFB was investigated. Firstly, OPEFB was alkali-pretreatment with 15% (w/v) NaOH at 121 degrees C for 45 min and it provided of 67.2% cellulose, 22.8% hemicellulose and 7.2% lignin. The cellulose content in the alkalipretreated OPEFB had increased 39.4% from untreated OPEFB, while the hemicellulose and lignin had decreased to 33.1% and 36.7% respectively. Secondly, alkali-pretreated OPEFB was hydrolyzed with 7% (v/v) H2SO4 at 140 degrees C for 90 min. The highest glucose yield of 92.38% was obtained representing 55.54 g/L. Lastly, the glucose resulting was fermented to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lastly, a response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) was applied in the experimental design to optimize the ethanol production condition. A verification experiment indicated the optimal fermentation condition was as follows: 55 g/L initial glucose, pH 6.25, 2% inoculum size at 35 +/- 2 degrees C for 48 h. The highest ethanol yield of 40.76% (22.4 g/L, 0.41 g/g glucose) was over 80% of the theoretical ethanol yield produced from glucose fermentation, which was 28.05 g/L (0.51 g/g glucose). The ethanol yield achieved appears quite attractive and demonstrates that OPEFB have excellent potential resource of renewable energy. While the experimental design is useful for optimization designs with several variables and describing more complex behavior by including higher orders model components.