Gas and Cosmic-Ray Properties in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loops Revealed by H i Line Profiles, Dust, and Gamma-Ray Data

In studying the interstellar medium (ISM) and Galactic cosmic rays (CRs), uncertainty of the interstellar gas density has always been an issue. To overcome this difficulty, we used a component decomposition of the 21 cm H i emission line and used the resulting gas maps in an analysis of gamma-ray data obtained by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) for the MBM 53, 54, and 55 molecular clouds and the Pegasus loop. We decomposed the ISM gas into intermediate-velocity clouds, narrow-line and optically thick H i, broad-line and optically thin H i, CO-bright H-2, and CO-dark H-2 using detailed correlations with the H i line profiles from the HI4PI survey, the Planck dust-emission model, and the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray data. We found the fractions of the optical depth correction to the H i column density and CO-dark H-2 to be nearly equal. We fitted the CR spectra directly measured at/near the Earth and the measured gamma-ray emissivity spectrum simultaneously. We obtained a spectral break in the interstellar proton spectrum at similar to 7 GeV, and found that the gamma-ray emissivity normalization agrees with the AMS-02 proton spectrum within 10%, relaxing the tension with the CR spectra previously claimed.