Incidence of acute kidney injury and use of renal replacement therapy in intensive care unit patients in Indonesia

Background Currently, there is limited epidemiology data on acute kidney injury (AKI) in Indonesia. Therefore, we assessed the incidence of AKI and the utilization of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Indonesia. Methods Demographic and clinical data were collected from 952 ICU participants. The participants were categorized into AKI and non-AKI groups. The participants were further classified according to the 3 different stages of AKI as per the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria. Results Overall incidence of AKI was 43%. The participants were divided into three groups based on the AKI stages: 18.5% had stage 1, 33% had stage 2, and 48.5% had stage 3. Primary diagnosis of renal disease and high APACHE II score were the risk factors associated with AKI (OR = 4.53, 95% CI: 1.67-12.33, p = 0.003 and OR = 1.14 per 1 unit increase, 95% CI: 1.09-1.20, p < 0.001, respectively). Chronic kidney disease was the risk factor for severe AKI. Sepsis was the leading cause of AKI. Among the AKI participants, 24.6% required RRT. The most common RRT modalities were intermittent hemodialysis (71.7%), followed by slow low-efficiency dialysis (22.8%), continuous renal replacement therapy (4.3%), and peritoneal dialysis (1.1%). Conclusions This study showed that AKI was a common problem in the Indonesian ICU. We strongly believe that identification of the risk factors associated with AKI will help us develop a predictive score for AKI so we can prevent and improve AKI outcome in the future.