Land use and land cover changes explain spatial and temporal variations of the soil organic carbon stocks in a constructed urban park

Urban parks offer valuable ecosystem services to citizens and they have long been recognized for their recreational service; however, less attention has been paid to their carbon sequestration value. Here, we report on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in an urban park, Seoul Forest Park, which was built in 2004. We had two objectives: (1) to estimate SOC stocks (to a depth of 1 m) in different land-cover types (wetland, forest, lawn, and bare soil) and (2) quantify the change in the SOC concentration in topsoil in different land-use types over a 10 year period (2003-2013). We found a tenfold difference in SOC stocks across the different land-cover types within the park. Wetland soils had the highest stocks of SOC (13.99 +/- 1.05 kg m(-2)), followed by forest, lawn, and bare soils. We found that a "cultural layer" that preserved previous land use history located deep in the soil profile substantially increased SOC stocks in the wetland. SOC concentrations in the topsoil were approximately three times higher in 2013 than in 2003 (256 +/- 130%). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from MODIS and Landsat satellite images revealed that land-use history, expansion of plant areas and growth of plants could explain the increase in SOC concentrations in topsoil over the 10 year period. These findings imply that urban park soils could act as a carbon sink, and understanding the land-use history and the choice of land-cover types in park planning can substantially influence the carbon budget of urban parks. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.