Fractal-shaped antennas and their application to GSM 900/1800

The design of multiband and small antennas has been a challenging problem in the field of electromagnetics engineering for decades. Basically, the problem is that the overall size of the antenna is directly linked to the wavelength such that both a multiwavelength operation and a size reduction become difficult. Although several approaches have been widely proposed in the literature, all of them have been based on particular solutions for specific applications. Recently, the introduction of the fractal technology and some of its first practical applications has opened a wide-scope of new chances in the development of multifrequency and small antennas.