Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of fine aerosols (PM2.5) during an intensive biomass burning over Southeast Asia: Influence of SOA and aging

The present study reports on total carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN) and their isotope ratios in PM2.5 (particulate matter <= 2.5 pm in aerodynamic diameter) collected at Dai Ang hang (DAK; 19.93 degrees N, 99.05 degrees E; 1518 m above sea level), Thailand, during March 1 to April 13, 2015, when biomass-burning (BB) was intense in Southeast Asia (SEA), particularly in Myanmar. Concentrations of TC and TN varied from 1.4 to 80 mu gC m(-3) (mean: 33.8 +/- 21.7 mu gC m(-3)) and 0.7 to 8.6 mu gN m(-3) (3.0 +/- 1.6 mu gN m(-3)), respectively. Temporal variations of TC and TN largely increased from the start of the campaign to March 21 and decreased during March 22-28 and then slightly increased during the period of March 28-April 13. This temporal pattern was consistent with variations of levoglucosan (LG, specific tracer of biomass burning) and MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer)-derived fire spots in SEA, suggesting that BB emissions are major sources of PM2.5 aerosols at DAK. This inference was further supported by higher TC/TN ratios (range: 6-19, mean: 12.7 +/- 3.3) and significantly strong positive correlations among TC, TN, and LG during the campaign period. On the other hand, stable isotope ratios of total carbon (delta C-13(TC)) and nitrogen (delta(15)NrN) in PM2.5 ranged during the sampling period from -23.8 to -29.8%o (- 26.0 +/- 1.2 parts per thousand) and from +15.8 to +25.1 parts per thousand (19.4 +/- 2.1 parts per thousand), respectively. The estimated contribution from the burning of C-3 plants to TC ranged between 60 and 96% (average, 74 +/- 7%) in SEA, indicating the predominance of BB from forest fires. Interestingly, lower delta C-13(TC) values were associated with higher contribution of C-3 plants, suggesting that primary aerosols derived from the burning of C-3 plants caused a depletion of C-13(TC), whereas photochemical aging of organic aerosols may have enhanced delta C-13(TC), particularly in the second half of the campaign. In addition, changes in meteorological conditions and MODIS fire events may also have caused the changes in delta C-13(TC) during the campaign period. The delta C-13(TC) values reported in this study represent the typical BB aerosols. Our findings improve the fundamental understanding of the sources and transformation processes of atmospheric aerosols in SEA and its outflow regions.