Indian Hedgehog and Its Targets in Human Endometrium: Menstrual Cycle Expression and Response to CDB-2914

Context: Progesterone is critical for secretory endometrial differentiation in women, but its downstream mediators are poorly understood. Objective: Our objective was to investigate endometrial expression of Indian Hedgehog (IHH) and genes involved in its signaling [smoothened (SMO), patched-1 (PTCH1), glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), and GLI2] during the menstrual cycle and the effects of the selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB-2914 on its expression. Design and Setting: Comparisons between normally cycling volunteers and women with symptomatic fibroids who received CDB-2914 or placebo were made at a clinical research center. Patients and Interventions: Endometrial biopsy was performed on 34 volunteers, 17 additional women with fibroids. Main Outcome Measures: Endometrial expression of IHH, SMO, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2 by in situ hybridization and/or RT-PCR and IHH, GLI1, and PTCH1 immunohistochemistry were evaluated. Results: RT-PCR showed expression of IHH, SMO, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, with significant increases in IHH (5.2-fold) and GLI1 (3.6-fold) in endometrium exposed to CDB-2914 compared with placebo. In situ hybridization showed IHH mRNA expression in glands and stroma that was stronger in secretory samples. Among volunteers, IHH and GLI1 immunohistochemistry scores were higher in the secretory than proliferative phase in the nuclei and cytoplasm of glands and stroma(P = 0.0002-0.04). Compared with follicular-phase controls, women exposed to CDB-2914 showed increased IHH expression in all compartments except stromal cytoplasm (P = 0.0199-0.0423); GLI1 was up-regulated in glandular nuclei and cytoplasm compared with both volunteers and women receiving placebo (P <= 0.0416). Conclusions: The temporal increase in endometrial IHH and GLI1 during the secretory phase, and their modulation by CDB-2914, suggests progestin regulation and a potential role in endometrial differentiation and implantation. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 5330-5337, 2010)