Numerical study of non-Fourier heat transfer in MHD Williamson liquid with hybrid nanoparticles

This article studies non-Fourier heat in Williamson fluid under the suspension of Cu and Fe2O4 is modeled. The conservation laws are simplified and transformed into dimensionless forms using the transformation proposed on the basis of the similarity principle. No-slip theory is used in developing the boundary conditions. The finite element method (FEM) is used for simulation purposes to investigate key parameters. The thermal relaxation time parameter has a decreasing tendency on temperature as this parameter determines the ability of the fluid to restore the thermal changes to maintain thermal equilibrium. Joule heating phenomenon in hybrid nanofluid is stronger than the pure and mono nanofluid. Moreover, the dissipation of heat as a result of Joule heating may affect the thermal performance of fluid diversely. The heat transfer rate by hybrid nanofluid is greater than that by the pure and mono nanofluid. Therefore, dispersion of nanoparticles in the Williamson fluid is recommended for optimized heat transfer. Hybrid nanofluid exerts greater stress on the surface of a pipe than that exerted by the pure and mono nanofluid on the surface of a pipe.