Quantification of the severity of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a neonatal preclinical model using measurements of cytochrome-c-oxidase from a miniature broadband-near-infrared spectroscopy system

We describe the development of a miniaturized broadband near-infrared spectroscopy system (bNIRS), which measures changes in cerebral tissue oxyhemoglobin ([HbO(2)]) and deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) plus tissue metabolism via changes in the oxidation state of cytochrome-c-oxidase ([oxCCO]). The system is based on a small light source and a customized mini-spectrometer. We assessed the instrument in a preclinical study in 27 newborn piglets undergoing transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI). We aimed to quantify the recovery of the HI insult and estimate the severity of the injury. The recovery in brain oxygenation (Delta[HbDiff] = Delta[HbO(2)] - Delta[HHb]), blood volume (Delta[HbT] = Delta[HbO(2)] + Delta[HHb]), and metabolism (Delta[oxCCO]) for up to 30 min after the end of HI were quantified in percentages using the recovery fraction (RF) algorithm, which quantifies the recovery of a signal with respect to baseline. The receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed on bNIRS-RF measurements compared to proton (H-1) magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS)-derived thalamic lactate/N-acetylaspartate (Lac/NAA) measured at 24-h post HI insult; Lac/NAA peak area ratio is an accurate surrogate marker of neurodevelopmental outcome in babies with neonatal HI encephalopathy. The Delta[oxCCO]-RF cut-off threshold of 79% within 30 min of HI predicted injury severity based on Lac/NAA with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (93%). A significant difference in thalamic Lac/NAA was noticed (p <0.0001) between the two groups based on this cut-off threshold of 79% Delta[oxCCO]-RF. The severe injury group (n = 13) had similar to 30% smaller recovery in Delta[HbDiff]-RF (p = 0.0001) and no significant difference was observed in Delta[HbT]-RF between groups. At 48 h post HI, significantly higher 31 P-MRS-measured inorganic phosphate/exchangeable phosphate pool (epp) (p = 0.01) and reduced phosphocreatine/epp (p = 0.003) were observed in the severe injury group indicating persistent cerebral energy depletion. Based on these results, the bNIRS measurement of the oxCCO recovery fraction offers a noninvasive real-time biomarker of brain injury severity within 30 min following HI insult. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License.