Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and incidence of disability in activities of daily living among oldest old

Currently the Chinese government has adopted World Health Organization interim target-1 values as the national ambient air quality standards values. However, the population-based evidence was insufficient, especially for the oldest old (aged 80+). We evaluated the association of fine particulate matters (PM2.5) exposure and incidence of disability in activities of daily living (ADL) in 15 453 oldest old in 886 counties/cities in China from 2002 to 2014 using Cox model with penalized splines and competing risk models to evaluate the linear or non-linear association. After adjusting for potential confounders, a J-shaped association existed between PM2.5 exposure with a threshold concentration of 33 mu g/m(3), and incident disability in ADL. Above this threshold, the risk magnitude significantly increased with increase of PM2.5 concentrations; compared to 33 mu g/m(3), the hazard ratio ranged from 1.03 (1.00-1.06) at 40 mu g/m(3) to 2.25 (1.54-3.29) at 110 mu g/m(3). The risk magnitude was not significantly changed below this threshold. Each 10 mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5 exposure corresponded to a 7.7% increase in the risk of disability in ADL (hazard ratio 1.077, 95% CI 1.051-1.104). Men, smokers, and participants with cognitive impairment might be more vulnerable to PM(2.5 )exposure. The study provided limited population-based evidence for the oldest old and detected a threshold of 33 mu g/m(3), and supported that reduction to current World Health Organization interim target-1 value (35 mu g/m(3)) and Chinese national ambient air quality standards (35 mu g/m(3)) or lower may be associated with lower risk of disability in ADL. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.