Modeling tension in reinforced concrete members subjected to bending and axial load

A constitutive model for tension in cracked reinforced concrete members is presented. Special emphasis is placed on the bond between concrete and reinforcement as the main factor influencing tension stiffening in cracked reinforced concrete. The model was developed for members subjected to bending and axial loads. The constitutive formulation was implemented into a cross-sectional analysis program and was used to analyze 14 specimens, which were tested in bending and in-plane loading. The comparison between the experiments and the analyses is presented and shows the same special characteristics for both the experimental results and the analyses.