Ore mineralization in naphtides and problems of its genesis

The paper presents several examples of metalliferous naphtide mineralization hosted in sedimentary and magmatic rocks and discusses different models of their origin. Geological, geochemical, experimental, and thermodynamic data were used to support a hypothesis assuming that metalliferous naphtide deposits were formed during cold and hot (with melt generation) mantle degassing with subsequent condensation of heavy hydrocarbons and organometallic compounds (OMC) in fault zones. Important criteria for discrimination between metalliferous naphtide mineralization of different origin include endo- and biomarkers, Nd and Sr isotopic data, and chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns. The formation of endogenic metalliferous naphtide deposits does not rule out the possible assimilation of organic components from the host rock. Juvenile water and inorganic gases were found in the hydrothermal solutions contributing to the formation of these deposits.