Mulching effects on erosion from steep slopes and sediment particle size distributions of gully colluvial deposits

Mulching is an effective soil conservation practice for permanent gullies in southern China. Knowledge of the sediment characteristics that occur in mulched soils of colluvial deposits could improve the utility of mulching for soil conservation. A rainfall simulation experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of mulch on the runoff, erosion, and particle size distribution of eroded sediments. Straw mulch coverage of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 95% was tested with simulated rainfall. The effective particle size distribution of the sediment was compared with the ultimate particle size distribution to investigate the detachment and transport mechanisms involved in sediment mobilization. Mulching delayed the runoff initiation time and reduced the average runoff rate. Compared with bare soil, the increased mulch coverage decreased the soil loss rate by 13.0 to 90.3%. Moreover, the peak sediment concentration decreased from 80 to 200 g L-1 under the different mulch coverage conditions. The optimal straw application rate was 1.5 to 3.0 Mg ha(-1) in the permanent gully's deposits. The relationship between instantaneous kinetic energy of rainfall and the proportion of effective clay- and sand-sized particles was well represented using an exponential equation. The effective clay-sized sediments under the different mulch coverage conditions were 2 to 4 times more common than those of the original soil, although there were only 13.9% sand-sized particles in the sediment when the mulch coverage was 95%. The silt-sized sediment was transported as primary particles under the different mulch coverage conditions. The effective to ultimate ratio of silt-sized particles fluctuated around 1. There were depletions of clay and silt in the colluvial deposit soil with mulch cover, and the enrichment ratios of clay and silt were larger than 1 while most of the enrichment ratios for sand were < 1.