Source apportionment and evolution of N-containing aerosols at a rural cloud forest in Taiwan by isotope analysis

Ammonium and nitrate are major N-containing aerosol components. The deposition of N-containing aerosols has impacts on regional ecology and the biogeochemical cycle. In this study, aerosols in a rural cloud forest (Xitou in Taiwan) were studied using N-15 and O-18 isotope analysis to assess the sources and formation pathways of the local N-containing aerosols linking to a metropolitan. Aerosol samples of different size ranges were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) on a half-day basis in December 2018. The chemical functional groups were analyzed using a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) technique, while the isotope analysis was performed using a gas chromatography- isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-IRMS). The average measured aerosol concentration (PM10) was 0.98 (ranging from 0.15 to 3.31) and 0.25 (ranging from 0.00 to 1.51) mu g m(-3) for NH4+ and NO3-, respectively. In general, a higher concentration than nighttime was observed during the daytime by a factor of 1.5-6, likely due to the transportation of pollutants from upper-stream urban and industrial regions through the local sea breeze combined with valley wind. The presence of fog can further elevate the concentration by a factor of 2-3, resulting from the stronger inversion and lower boundary layer height. The higher NH4+ concentration in fine particles under foggy conditions corresponds to submicron-sized NO3- formation via aqueous-phase dissolution with NH4+ neutralization. Furthermore, the higher RH during fog events shifted the mass distribution of aerosol functional groups to a larger mode size. By comparing the delta N-15 value directly or through the analysis using a statistical isotope mixing model, MixSIAR, NH4+ probably originated from the industries, coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), or fertilizer plants, while NO3- might be contributed from the CFPP, industrial or urban sources. The overall delta O-18 of NO3- is +72.66 parts per thousand +/- 3.42 parts per thousand, similar to that in other winter Asian studies, suggesting the major formation pathway via O-3 oxidation (delta O-18 = +72.5 parts per thousand to 101.67 parts per thousand). However, a lower delta O-18 (< +67 parts per thousand) for particles less than 0.56 mu m during foggy daytime suggests the local contribution via the peroxyl radical oxidation before partitioning into aerosol phase under foggy conditions. Overall, the delta N-15 and delta O-18 distribution profiles as a function of particle size in the studied rural forest site reveal the evolution of aerosol composition from remote coastal regions with chemical processes along the transport process, which can be further affected by weather conditions such as fog events.