Cyclic variations in paleoenvironment and organic matter accumulation of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian black shale in the Middle Yangtze Region, South China: Implications for tectonic setting, paleoclimate, and sea-level change

During the Ordovician-Silurian transition, the Yangtze Block in South China experienced intense tectonic movements and climate change and was covered by the widely distributed black shales of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation, which recorded key information about these major geological events. By geochemical and petrological analyses of three profiles located in the Middle Yangtze Region, at least four long-term sedimentary cycles can be identified in the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian black shale. These cycles are mainly controlled by paleoclimate changes and tectonic activity. The Late Ordovician tectonic subsidence related to the Kwangsian Orogeny promoted a gradual sea-level rise and the deposition of the Wufeng black shale in the Middle Yangtze Region, while a significant sea-level fall related to the Hirnantian intensifying glaciation terminated this process. Subsequently, post-Hirnantian warming climate and glacier ablation triggered a significant sea-level rise, reduced the water restriction, increased the productivity, and intensified the anoxic environment, promoting the deposition of black shale in the second sedimentary cycle. However, after the short period of climate warming, global climate cooling occurred again with a regional tectonic uplift in the study area. This led to a gradual sea-level fall, reduced anoxic environment, and increased water restriction during the Rhuddanian, as well as the deposition of black shale with a decreased amount of organic matter. Moreover, intensified glaciation occurred during the Rhuddanian-Aeronian transition significantly accelerated the falling speed of the relative sea level, resulting in a stratigraphic gap and a small thickness of the Silurian black shale in the Middle Yangtze Region. Afterward, the study area experienced a significant climate warming event during the Early Aeronian, which led to a large-scale glacier ablation and a short period of sea-level rise. This promoted the deposition of the Aeronian black shale in the third sedimentary cycle. Nevertheless, the intensified weathering condition related to a continuously warming climate and tectonic uplift led to sufficient supply of terrigenous deposits, sustained sea-level fall, and finally terminated the development of Ordovician-Silurian black shale in the Yangtze region. Thus, these cyclic variations of the black shale not only recorded the shift of the Ordovician-Silurian tectonic movement (from Ordovician subsidence to Silurian uplift) in the Middle Yangtze area and the Hirnantian glaciation, but also provide strong evidence for the global intensified glaciation during the Rhuddanian-Aeronian transition and the subsequent climate-warming event. In addition, this study also provides new perspectives for the understanding of global sea-level change during the Ordovician-Silurian transition.