The development of turbo and LDPC codes for deep-space applications

The development of error-correcting codes has been closely coupled with deep-space exploration since the early days of both. Since the discovery of turbo codes in 1993, the research community has invested a great deal of work on modern iteratively decoded codes, and naturally NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been very much involved. This paper describes the research, design, implementation, and standardization work that has taken place at JPL for both turbo and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Turbo code development proceeded from theoretical analyses of polynomial selection, weight distributions imposed by interleaver designs, decoder error floors, and iterative decoding thresholds. A family of turbo codes was standardized and implemented and is currently in use by several spacecraft. JPL's LDPC codes are built from protographs and circulants, selected by analyses of decoding thresholds and methods to avoid loops in the code graph. LDPC encoders and decoders have been implemented in hardware for planned spacecraft, and standardization is under way.