Danggui-Shaoyao-San improves cognitive impairment through inhibiting O-GlcNAc-modification of estrogen α receptor in female db/db mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The traditional Chinese medicine formula Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS) has been reported to show therapeutic effect on dementia. Aim of the study: The present study aims to investigate whether DSS treatment could alleviate diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction, and explores its neuroprotective mechanism on db/db mice. Materials and methods: The female db/db mice were randomly divided into model group, DSS low-dose group and DSS high-dose group. Homologous female db/m mice were used as the control group. DSS was intragastric administrated for 15 weeks. Glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, blood glucose and blood lipid levels were measured. Morris water maze was used to measure spatial learning and memory ability in mice. Nissl staining and Tunel staining were used to measure the changes of brain neurons, and ELISA kits were used to measure levels of inflammatory mediators (PGE2, TXB2 and LTB4). The kits detected oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-PX), nitrosative stress (NO, iNOS, TNOS) and glucose metabolism (LDH, PK, HK) levels. Western blot and immunofluorescence detected neurotrophic factors (PSD95, BDNF, NGF and SYN), apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xl, Caspase-3) and changes of ER alpha, O-GlcNAc, OGT, OGA levels. Results: Morris water maze results showed that DSS could improve the learning and memory abilities of female db/db mice. Nissl staining showed that DSS could relieve hippocampal neurons damage of db/db mice. In addition, the serological tests showed that DSS could improve the impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, while reduce hyperlipemia in db/db mice. Besides, DSS treatment increased the activities of SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT, and reduced MDA, NO, iNOs, tNOS, PGE2, TXB2 and LTB4 levels. Western blot and immunofluorescence results of PSD95, BDNF, NGF, and SYN showed that DSS could improve the expressions of neurotrophic factors. Meanwhile, Tunel staning and Western blot (Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xl, Caspase-3) results indicated