Background: We created a questionnaire with the aim of evaluating surgeon compliance with the guidelines for antibiotic use in the perioperative period in intra-abdominal surgical infections. We discuss the problems emerging from non-adherence to these guidelines. Methods: In the questionnaire, we tried to correlate the type of intra-abdominal infection with: (1) Time of antibiotic administration commencement; (2) type of antibiotic(s) administered; (c) duration of antibiotic administration; and (4) modification of antibiotic type/duration of administration in the presence of factors increasing the risk of treatment failure. In order to collect and process the data more easily, the patients were divided into four groups Group A: Community patients with intra-abdominal surgical infections and simple contamination of the peritoneal cavity according to the Surgical Infection Society (SIS) guidelines; Group B: Community patients with an intra-abdominal surgical infection evolving to secondary peritonitis per SIS guidelines; Group C: Community patients with an intra-abdominal surgical infection with a high risk of surgical site infection; and Group D: Patients with recent hospitalization or nosocomial or postoperative intra-abdominal infection. Results: The questionnaire was sent to the directors of 43 surgical clinics in northern Greece, and 27 answered (63%). In 81.5% of the clinics (median 22; range 15-24), depending on the type of infection, empirical antibiotic treatment commenced preoperatively. In Group A, on average, 29.6% of the clinics (median 8; range 5-16) administer antibiotics for as long as 24h, and 11.1% (median 3; range 1-10) use antibiotics not recommended in the SIS guidelines (e.g., third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem, or piperacillin/tazobactam). In Group B, 22.2% of clinics (median 6; range 2-15) administer antibiotics for three to five days, and 14.8% (median 4; range 1-1.1) use antibiotics outside SIS guidelines. In Group C, 40.7% of clinics (median 11; range 1-14) administer antibiotics for more than five days, and 14.8% (median 4; range 1-14) use antibiotics that are outside the SIS guidelines. In Group D, 11.1% of clinics (median 3; range 2-5) do not cover Enterococcus with the antibiotics administered. Conclusions: There seems to be confusion in determining the situations with simple contamination of the peritoneal cavity, whose treatment requires short-duration antibiotic administration, and in the type of antibiotics administered to various patient groups, elements that lead to prolonged or erroneous administration of antibiotic drugs. Continuous discussion and surgeon training is imperative and may be the best choice to ensure familiarity with antibiotics and their proper use and thus to minimize serious adverse events and treatment failure.
