Design of faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) and availability of its treatment technologies

Population growth and urbanization have encouraged the entire world to revamp the sanitation system safely through a proper Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) value chain. Faecal Sludge (FS) is a mixture of human excreta in partially digested and semisolid form, mainly collected from onsite sanitation facilities and usually is discharged into open drains and water bodies. Hence, a well-planned FSM is required to ensure safe collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of onsite collected excreta to make a pollution free environment. The present review paper analyzed various treatment technologies available for FS along with their end products. An overview of the current global situation on FSM, basic design of a Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP), waste treatment mechanism and end use of treatment products are also discussed. This study observed that the solid portion of the FS is used as manure, soil conditioner and energy producer whereas the liquid part is used for the purpose of gardening, car-washing, and road-washing.