Compressed and raw video steganography techniques: a comprehensive survey and analysis

In the last two decades, the science of covertly concealing and communicating data has acquired tremendous significance due to the technological advancement in communication and digital content. Steganography is the art of concealing secret data in a particular interactive media transporter, e.g., text, audio, image, and video data in order to build a covert communication between authorized parties. Nowadays, video steganography techniques have become important in many video-sharing and social networking applications such as Livestreaming, YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook because of the noteworthy development of advanced video over the Internet. The performance of any steganographic method ultimately relies on the imperceptibility, hiding capacity, and robustness. In the past decade, many video steganography methods have been proposed; however, the literature lacks of sufficient survey articles that discuss all techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive study and analysis of numerous cutting edge video steganography methods and their performance evaluations from literature. Both compressed and raw video steganography methods are surveyed. In the compressed domain, video steganography techniques are categorized according to the video compression stages as venues for data hiding such as intra frame prediction, inter frame prediction, motion vectors, transformed and quantized coefficients, and entropy coding. On the other hand, raw video steganography methods are classified into spatial and transform domains. This survey suggests current research directions and recommendations to improve on existing video steganography techniques.