Probing Polaritons in 2D Materials

Polaritons in 2D materials exhibit extensive optical phenomena, such as an ultrahigh field confinement and tunability and, thus, have been attracting increasing attentions. Many different methods have been developed to characterize and manipulate polaritons, which in turn has promoted a steady booming of this field. Here, the significant progress made in probing polaritons in 2D materials based on the characterization method, i.e., optical far-field, optical near-field, and (opto)electronic methods is reviewed. Perspectives on the potential development and applications of these methods are also discussed.