Natural disasters: acts of God, nature or society? On the social relation to natural hazards

Natural disasters are characterised by complex relationships and interactions between physical hazards and society. These, as well as local context, cultural aspects, social and political activities, and economic concerns, present difficulties in practical application of mitigation concepts and models. This paper outlines general approaches in natural risk assessment and gives an insight into the contextual dynamics surrounding a hazard event. Since precise measurement of uncertainties and exact prediction of damages is hardly feasible, the incorporation of a hazard of place concept in vulnerability assessment is proposed. Qualities that determine potential damage are identified and characteristics described. It is suggested that, even without assessing risk exactly, vulnerability reduction decreases damages and losses. The chosen perspective illustrates that natural disasters are a result of social decision processes rather than acts of God or nature.