Deglaciation history and landscape development of fjord-valley deposits in Buvika, Mid-Norway

Thick deposits of glaciomarine clay and silt overlain by Holocene marine sediments in Norwegian fjord valleys have been, and still are, subject to erosional processes such as river incision, ravine formation and slide activity. In Buvika, Mid-Norway, these land-forming processes have been highly influenced by the valley-fill stratigraphy. Glaciomarine and marine clay sediments dominate this 8 km long hanging valley south of the Gaulosen fjord, with local occurrences of coarser-grained sediments. Studies of sediments and structures in road excavations together with C-14 ages indicate at least one, possibly two, minor glacier readvances in late Allerod/early Younger Dryas (YD) time. This implies a more dynamic ice sheet with more minor ice-front oscillations than earlier documented in this region. Glacioisostatic rebound resulted in groundwater leaching of marine clay and quick-clay formation in certain layers or zones. The relative sea-level fall led to incision by rivers accompanied by numerous slides involving quick clay, which completely liquefies when remoulded. To the east, permeable layers of northwesterly dipping sand and gravel generally originate from a former ice-marginal delta. These relatively thick and frequent layers of interbedded sand and gravel in the clay-dominated deposits drain groundwater in the slopes, leading to the development of deeply incised ravines. To the south and north, thinner layers of coarse material in the clay lead to pore-pressure build-ups and quick-clay development, resulting in numerous slide scars. Knowledge of the morphology, stratigraphy and erosion pattern of areas prone to formation of quick clay is important in order to understand the landscape development and evaluate risk areas.