Design and Analysis of Novel QOEO Optimized Parallel Fuzzy FOPI-PIDN Controller for Restructured AGC with HVDC and PEV

Effective controller configuration is an important requirement for the automatic generation and control mechanism as it mitigates noise and improves the control action. In this endeavor, a branched combination of fuzzy fractional-order proportional-integral and proportional-integral-derivative controller with filter (FFOPI + PIDN) is proposed for a two-area power system in the deregulated environment. The optimal controller settings are obtained using a novel quasi-opposition-based equilibrium optimizer algorithm with minimizing integral of squared error as the objective function. The generating units include conventional plants such as thermal, hydro and gas along with non-conventional plants such as geothermal and distributed generation sources which include solar and wind. The two areas are connected by a tie-line. The HVDC connection between control areas is made in parallel with the existing AC tie-line which stores capacitive energy and supports frequency regulation of the AC system. With the onset of smart transportation systems, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are likely to dominate our future. PEV acts as an energy-storing element and improves system transients during peak demands. The suggested control scheme has been subjected to step load and random load change in order to compare its performance with other prevalent controllers and optimizing techniques. Along with this, various case studies such as the effect of constant and variable DG, change of HVDC tie-line loading, integration of PEV, random load disturbances, sensitivity analysis and finally comparison with published work are also presented. Simulation results establish the validity of the proposed control scheme.