Assessment of advanced glycation end products in the peri-implant sulcular fluid among moderate cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis

Background It is hypothesized that the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of cigarette-smokers than nonsmokers with peri-implantitis. Purpose The purpose was to compare the levels of AGEs in the PISF among moderate cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis. Materials and methods Cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis and nonsmokers without peri-implantitis were included. A questionnaire was used to gather information related to smoking habit, duration of implants in function and demographic traits. In all groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), crestal bone loss (CBL) and probing depth (PD). The PISF was collected and levels of AGEs were measured. Group comparisons were performed and P < .01 was nominated as pointer of statistical significance. Results Fourteen smokers with peri-implantitis (12 males and 2 females), 15 nonsmokers with peri-implantitis (14 males and 1 female) and 15 nonsmokers without peri-implantitis (13 males and 2 females) were included. Smokers with peri-implantitis had a smoking history of 22.7 +/- 0.3 pack years. The mesial and distal CBL, PI, and PD were significantly higher in smokers with peri-implantitis than nonsmokers with (P < .01) and without peri-implantitis (P < .01). The GI was significantly higher in smokers (P < .01) and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis (P < .01) compared with nonsmokers without peri-implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among smokers with peri-implantitis (552.8 +/- 87.2 pg/mL) (P < .01) compared with nonsmokers with (141.6 +/- 64.9 pg/mL) and without (88.1 +/- 27.3 pg/mL) peri-implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among nonsmokers with (141.6 +/- 64.9 pg/mL) (P < .01) than without (88.1 +/- 27.3 pg/mL) peri-implantitis. Conclusion The levels of AGEs expressed in the PISF are higher among moderate cigarette-smokers than nonsmokers with peri-implantitis.