Intermolecular thiol cross-linking via loops in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli

Previous experiments using intermolecular thiol cross-linking to determine surf ace-exposed positions in the transmembrane helices of the lactose permease suggest that only positions accessible from the aqueous phase are susceptible to cross-linking. This approach is now extended to most of the remaining positions in the molecule. Of an additional 143 single-Cys mutants studied, homodimer formation is observed with both a 5-Angstrom- and a 21-Angstrom-long cross-linking agent containing bis-methane thiosulfonate reactive groups in 33 mutants and exclusively with the 21-Angstrom-long reagent in 43 mutants. Furthermore, intermolecular cross-linking has little or no effect on transport activity, thereby providing further support for the argument that lactose permease is functionally, as well as structurally, a monomer in the membrane. In addition, evidence is presented indicating that reentrance loops are unlikely in this polytopic membrane transport protein.