An energy efficient and load balanced distributed routing scheme for wireless sensor networks with holes

In this paper we present a new approach to route packets in the presence of routing holes. In our proposal, nodes cooperate to determine the approximate polygon of a specific hole and then exchange information about the approximate polygon. Based on the hole covering parallelogram and the hole view angle of a specific node, packets can be forwarded along an escape route that bends around the hole. We rigorously prove that the Euclidean stretch of an escape route is bounded. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can save more than 16% of the energy consumption and 7% of the network lifetime in the comparison with existing routing algorithms. The average length of routing paths in our approach is less than 60% of other routing schemes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.