Overlap between dental anxiety, gagging and Blood-Injection-Injury related fears - A spectrum of one multidimensional phenomenon

Background and objectives: Dental anxiety (DA) and gagging (GAG) are prevalent problems that severely impact social behavior and quality of life. Furthermore, because dental phobia is considered a Blood-Injection-Injury (B-I-I) phobia, the present study contrasted DA, GAG and control subjects regarding the severity of dental anxiety and investigated the comorbidity of GAG, DA and B-I-I fears. Methods: Demographics, Verbal Pain Scale (VPS), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), Decay, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT), Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and response to phobic stimuli were collected from 53 GAG, 68 DA and 80 control subjects. Results: GAGs exhibited results between DA and controls regarding the likelihood to have high-anxiety/phobia (DA group: OR = 55.56; GAG group: OR = 17.24), self-assessed dental anxiety (OR = 29.14; OR = 17.48), fear of dental injections (OR = 8.51; OR = 2.91) and dental drills (OR = 12.02; OR = 5.82). DA and GAG had similar results regarding: DAS score (p = 0.13), fear of blood tests (OR = 4.68; OR = 4.09) and blood donations (OR = 3.13; OR = 3.10). Overlap between GAG, DA and a B-I-I fear was observed. GAG and DA patients and worse maximal VPS and OHIP-14 scores retained their significant positive association with the DAS score in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The co-occurrence of DA, GAG and B-I-I-related fears suggests these entities are linked. However, different anxiety levels, symptoms and triggers, reflect the broad spectrum of fear of medical/dental situations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.